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On Writing

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How To Write A Thesis Statement

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If you are feeling that you have to search out an authority, attempt to discover one which may be very relevant and particular. Perhaps a citation from a supply studying may prove higher? Dictionary introductions are also ineffective simply because they're so overused. Thinking concerning the title earlyâ€"and frequently returning to hone itâ€"might help not solely the writing of the paper but in addition the method of designing experiments or creating theories. Thus, the reader’s expertise is of major significance, and all writing serves this goal. When you write, you need to continually have your reader in mind. These 4 rules assist you to to avoid dropping your reader. Here we present ten easy rules for structuring papers. Because you are the world’s leading professional at precisely what you might be doing, you are additionally the world’s least qualified particular person to gauge your writing from the attitude of the naïve reader. The majority of writing errors stem from this predicament. Think like a designerâ€"for every component, decide the influence that you want to have on people and then try to attain that objective . Try to suppose by way of the paper like a naïve reader who should first be made to care about the issue you might be addressing after which will need to perceive your reply with minimal effort. The title not solely transmits the paper’s central contribution but also can function a constant reminder to focus the textual content on transmitting that concept. We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback. This introduction is what you needed to do on your elementary school e-book reviews. It offers the name and creator of the guide you are writing about, tells what the guide is about, and offers different basic details about the book. You would possibly resort to this sort of introduction when you're making an attempt to fill house as a result of it’s a well-known, snug format. Prepare a quick outline of each a part of the task earlier than writing your essay. We consulted these works while writing the original model of this handout. This just isn't a complete list of sources on the handout’s subject, and we encourage you to do your own research to seek out the latest publications on this topic. Please do not use this listing as a model for the format of your individual reference listing, as it might not match the citation type you are using. For steerage on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries quotation tutorial. The C-C-C scheme defines the construction of the paper on multiple scales. At the whole-paper scale, the introduction sets the context, the outcomes are the content, and the discussion brings house the conclusion. Science is, in any case, the abstraction of simple principles from complex data. The title is the last word refinement of the paper’s contribution. However, many scientists battle with producing excessive-quality manuscripts and are usually untrained in paper writing. Focusing on how readers eat data, we present a set of ten easy rules that can assist you talk the main thought of your paper. These guidelines are designed to make your paper extra influential and the process of writing extra efficient and pleasurable. Below are a list of terms and definitions professors use when commenting on your papers. This list is taken from The Skidmore All-College Writing Board's web site . Instructors may even see an excellent many papers that begin on this method, greatly lowering the dramatic impact that any one of those papers could have. When you don’t have a lot to say on a given topic, it is straightforward to create this sort of introduction. Essentially, this kind of weaker introduction contains a number of sentences that are imprecise and don’t actually say a lot. They exist simply to take up the “introduction area” in your paper. If you had one thing more effective to say, you'd most likely say it, but within the meantime this paragraph is just a place holder. Don’t be afraid to write a tentative introduction first and then change it later. Some individuals find that they need to write some sort of introduction to be able to get the writing course of began.

7 Research Paper Writing Hints Which Work 10

7 Research Paper Writing Hints Which Work 10 It requires an understanding of logic legal guidelines and customary cognitive biases. A capstone project is a complex research task that's usually carried out as the ultimate paper after some class or course. Our research papers are low-cost, however not the most affordable, in order to maintain high-high quality standards. We treat every buyer as a person, and that's the reason we ask for a lot detail when you place an order. We solely assign a totally certified writer to your project. You may even find a field to add anyadditional detailthat just isn't lined in other fields. We have offered fields for everything out of your tutorial level, to the type of product, the topic, the number of sources, the format requirement, and extra. You need a qualified author, and we can provide you that. To stand out of this crowd and provide students with skilled writing help in academia, Rapid Essay was born. Whatever the explanation for students to ask for assist with academic assignments, Rapid Essay is able to help them. We get dozens of messages from your peers longing for professionally written essays and ready to order the paper online. We set about finding theperfect writerfor your project and set you up with a personal account. You will use this account to talk along with your author, to contact buyer help if necessary, and to obtain drafts for your approval or to ask for revisions. Smart paper, for example, is our way to provide online tutoring. It adds 20% to the worth of your order, however it also supplies you with all the main points and solutions you may have to become more conscious of what is written in your paper. We love analysis, so we have invited skilled tutorial authors to assist you and develop your writing skills. Another reason why your order can be rejected is if you ask us to “write my research paper” on a highly controversial matter. There are some kinds of academic assignments we don’t do. For example, we gained’t full your checks for you. The first cause is that it violates academic integrity rules, as exams and tests are assignments that should be accomplished by the scholars themselves with no assist. On the opposite hand, it's tough to judge the amount of labor performed by our specialist when it comes to multiple-choice tests. Top-quality means that your instructor or professor shall be impressed and will provide you with a fantastic grade/score. Here is how we offer you that top of the range, whether or not you are in highschool, faculty, university, or in a graduate/skilled program. Our prices are a few of the greatest in the industry. The suggestions from all those who ship us “write my analysis paper” requests is crucial for us. Customers’ comments are the only tool that a company can use to enhance its service. Here are some reviews we like the most as they describe each our strong factors and issues on which we can enhance. This is feasible with RapidEssay, as we've some special options to improve your understanding of the topic and self-discipline. We advocate you to opt for a progressive delivery if you order papers this huge. No piece of textual content was ever added to any of my papers with out an indication of sources. I checked my papers with plagiarism-detection software program so I can say it for sure. Your writer understands the need for an excellent introduction, a thesis assertion, and a physique that supports that thesis statement. It will move logically, with solid transitions, and a compelling conclusion. In brief, you'll receive a customized research paper, with present and authentic sources, perfectly written in a method that is just right for your educational degree. The quality of research and writing must be your primary concern. To give you a greater service when it comes to massive assignments with a deadline of 5+ days and with a price of $200+, we’ve developed progressive supply. This option will add 10% to the worth of your paper and multiple advantages to your expertise. Speech is a piece of text that often accompanies presentations and different kinds of shows. Many of those that really feel awkward in front of the public ask us to finish at least the writing a part of this troublesome task in order that they'll spend more time rehearsing their speech. Critical thinking is an essay in which a pupil ought to analyze an idea to develop and express a viewpoint on a subject. When you ask us to “help me write my analysis paper,” you give us the details. You might orderany quotation styleyour instructor requires â€" APA, MLA, Turabian, Chicago, Harvard, Vancouver, etc. Whatever fashion you need, your author is aware of the right format for each in-textual content citations and finish of textual content reference page. You don’t need to worry aboutthe construction of the written pieceyou order.

7 Research Paper Writing Hints Which Work 10

7 Research Paper Writing Hints Which Work 10 It requires an understanding of logic legal guidelines and customary cognitive biases. A capstone project is a complex research task that's usually carried out as the ultimate paper after some class or course. Our research papers are low-cost, however not the most affordable, in order to maintain high-high quality standards. We treat every buyer as a person, and that's the reason we ask for a lot detail when you place an order. We solely assign a totally certified writer to your project. You may even find a field to add anyadditional detailthat just isn't lined in other fields. We have offered fields for everything out of your tutorial level, to the type of product, the topic, the number of sources, the format requirement, and extra. You need a qualified author, and we can provide you that. To stand out of this crowd and provide students with skilled writing help in academia, Rapid Essay was born. Whatever the explanation for students to ask for assist with academic assignments, Rapid Essay is able to help them. We get dozens of messages from your peers longing for professionally written essays and ready to order the paper online. We set about finding theperfect writerfor your project and set you up with a personal account. You will use this account to talk along with your author, to contact buyer help if necessary, and to obtain drafts for your approval or to ask for revisions. Smart paper, for example, is our way to provide online tutoring. It adds 20% to the worth of your order, however it also supplies you with all the main points and solutions you may have to become more conscious of what is written in your paper. We love analysis, so we have invited skilled tutorial authors to assist you and develop your writing skills. Another reason why your order can be rejected is if you ask us to “write my research paper” on a highly controversial matter. There are some kinds of academic assignments we don’t do. For example, we gained’t full your checks for you. The first cause is that it violates academic integrity rules, as exams and tests are assignments that should be accomplished by the scholars themselves with no assist. On the opposite hand, it's tough to judge the amount of labor performed by our specialist when it comes to multiple-choice tests. Top-quality means that your instructor or professor shall be impressed and will provide you with a fantastic grade/score. Here is how we offer you that top of the range, whether or not you are in highschool, faculty, university, or in a graduate/skilled program. Our prices are a few of the greatest in the industry. The suggestions from all those who ship us “write my analysis paper” requests is crucial for us. Customers’ comments are the only tool that a company can use to enhance its service. Here are some reviews we like the most as they describe each our strong factors and issues on which we can enhance. This is feasible with RapidEssay, as we've some special options to improve your understanding of the topic and self-discipline. We advocate you to opt for a progressive delivery if you order papers this huge. No piece of textual content was ever added to any of my papers with out an indication of sources. I checked my papers with plagiarism-detection software program so I can say it for sure. Your writer understands the need for an excellent introduction, a thesis assertion, and a physique that supports that thesis statement. It will move logically, with solid transitions, and a compelling conclusion. In brief, you'll receive a customized research paper, with present and authentic sources, perfectly written in a method that is just right for your educational degree. The quality of research and writing must be your primary concern. To give you a greater service when it comes to massive assignments with a deadline of 5+ days and with a price of $200+, we’ve developed progressive supply. This option will add 10% to the worth of your paper and multiple advantages to your expertise. Speech is a piece of text that often accompanies presentations and different kinds of shows. Many of those that really feel awkward in front of the public ask us to finish at least the writing a part of this troublesome task in order that they'll spend more time rehearsing their speech. Critical thinking is an essay in which a pupil ought to analyze an idea to develop and express a viewpoint on a subject. When you ask us to “help me write my analysis paper,” you give us the details. You might orderany quotation styleyour instructor requires â€" APA, MLA, Turabian, Chicago, Harvard, Vancouver, etc. Whatever fashion you need, your author is aware of the right format for each in-textual content citations and finish of textual content reference page. You don’t need to worry aboutthe construction of the written pieceyou order.

Comprehensive Medical Terminology Writing Assignment - 275 Words

Comprehensive Medical Terminology Writing Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: Medical TerminologyStudents NameInstitutional AffiliationMedical TerminologyMedical terminology is a language specifically used by medical experts to accurately describe the body of humans including all its components, conditions that affect it, processes, and the procedures performed upon it.The importance of using and breaking down medical terminology to component parts include; 1) Avoiding errors. Medical terms help in the description of a patient medical history through records which tell healthcare professionals on the details of diagnosing the patient and providing right treatment (Jones, 2016). Failure of proper documentation through the breakdown of the terminologies may result in larger health risks. 2) Easy communication and documentation. Medical terminologies use mostly abbreviations which are as a result of the breakdown of terms. Since medical experts deal with a lot of patients daily, they use the abbreviations which are standard medical terms and under standable by other medical experts. 3) Standardized communication between professionals. The standard terms help medical practitioners quickly understand patient's issue and conditions and assist them to interpret complex information to make diagnosis more accurately.Also, it is important to memorize each terminology since; it allows for health care workers communicate efficiently since the terms are used in the everyday healthcare field. Also, one small mistake can be costly, so it is necessary to understand all the terms (Leonard, 2016). Similarly, there would be wastage of time if one was to refer to their medical dictionary when asked to do something with a term the...

Battle of Taranto in World War II

The Battle of Taranto was fought the night of November 11/12, 1940 and was part of the Mediterranean Campaign of World War II (1939-1945). In 1940, British forces began battling the Italians in North Africa. While the Italians were easily able to supply their troops, the logistical situation for the British proved more difficult as their ships had to traverse almost the entire Mediterranean. Early in the campaign, the British were able to control the sea lanes, however by mid-1940 the tables were beginning to turn, with the Italians outnumbering them in every class of ship except aircraft carriers. Though they possessed superior strength, the Italian Regia Marina was unwilling to fight, preferring to follow a strategy of preserving a fleet in being. Concerned that Italian naval strength be reduced before the Germans could aid their ally, Prime Minister Winston Churchill issued orders that action be taken on the issue. Planning for this type of eventuality had begun as early as 1938, during the Munich Crisis, when Admiral Sir Dudley Pound, commander of the Mediterranean Fleet, directed his staff to examine options for attacking the Italian base at Taranto. During this time, Captain Lumley Lyster of the carrier HMS Glorious proposed using its aircraft to mount a nighttime strike. Convinced by Lyster, Pound ordered training to commence, but the resolution of the crisis led to the operation being shelved.   Upon departing the Mediterranean Fleet, Pound advised his replacement, Admiral Sir Andrew Cunningham, of the proposed plan, then known as Operation Judgement. The plan was reactivated in September 1940, when its principal author, Lyster, now a rear admiral, joined Cunninghams fleet with the new carrier HMS Illustrious.  Cunningham and Lyster refined the plan and planned to move forward with Operation Judgement on October 21, Trafalgar Day, with aircraft from HMS Illustrious and HMS Eagle. The British Plan The composition of the strike force was later changed following fire damage to Illustrious and action damage to Eagle. While Eagle was being repaired, it was decided to press on with the attack using only Illustrious. Several of Eagles aircraft were transferred to augment Illustrious air group and the carrier sailed on November 6. Commanding the task force, Lysters squadron included Illustrious, the heavy cruisers HMS Berwick and HMS York, the light cruisers HMS Gloucester and HMS Glasgow, and the destroyers HMS Hyperion, HMS Ilex, HMS Hasty, and HMS Havelock.    Preparations In the days before the attack, the Royal Air Forces No. 431 General Reconnaissance Flight conducted several reconnaissance flights from Malta to confirm the presence of the Italian fleet at Taranto. Photographs from these flights indicated changes to the bases defenses, such as the deployment of barrage balloons, and Lyster ordered the necessary alterations to the strike plan. The situation at Taranto was confirmed on the night of November 11, by an overflight by a Short Sunderland flying boat. Spotted by the Italians, this aircraft alerted their defenses, however as they lacked radar they were unaware of the impending attack. At Taranto, the base was defended by 101 anti-aircraft guns and around 27 barrage balloons. Additional balloons had been placed but had been lost due to high winds on November 6. In the anchorage, the larger warships normally would have been protected by anti-torpedo nets but many had been removed in anticipation of a pending gunnery exercise. Those that were in place did not extend deep enough to fully protect against the British torpedoes. Fleets Commanders: Royal Navy Admiral Sir Andrew CunninghamRear Admiral Lumley Lyster24 torpedo bombers, 1 aircraft carrier, 2 heavy cruisers, 2 light cruisers, 4 destroyers Regia Marina Admiral Inigo Campioni6 battleships, 7 heavy cruisers, 2 light cruisers, 8 destroyers Planes in the Night Aboard Illustrious, 21 Fairey Swordfish biplane torpedo bombers began taking off on the night of November 11 as Lysters task force moved through the Ionian Sea. Eleven of the planes were armed with torpedoes, while the remainder carried flares and bombs. The British plan called for the planes to attack in two waves. The first wave was assigned targets in both the outer and inner harbors of Taranto. Led by Lieutenant Commander Kenneth Williamson, the first flight departed Illustrious around 9:00 PM on November 11.   The second wave, directed by Lieutenant Commander J. W. Hale, took off approximately 90 minutes later. Approaching the harbor just before 11:00 PM, part of Williamsons flight dropped flares and bombed oil storage tanks while the remainder of the aircraft commenced their attack runs on the 6 battleships, 7 heavy cruisers, 2 light cruisers, 8 destroyers in the harbor. These saw the battleship Conte di Cavour hit with a torpedo that caused critical damage while the battleship Littorio also sustained two torpedo strikes. In the course of these attacks, Williamsons Swordfish was downed by fire from  Conte di Cavour. The bomber section of Williamsons flight, led by Captain Oliver Patch, Royal Marines, attacked hitting two cruisers moored in the Mar Piccolo.    Hales flight of nine aircraft, four armed with bombers and five with torpedoes, approached Taranto from the north around midnight.   Dropping flares, the Swordfish endured intense, but ineffective, antiaircraft fire as they began their runs. Two of Hales crews attacked Littorio scoring one torpedo hit while another missed in an attempt on the battleship  Vittorio Veneto.   Another Swordfish succeeded in striking the battleship  Caio Duilio with a torpedo, tearing a large hole in the bow and flooding its forward magazines.   Their ordnance expended, the second flight cleared the harbor and returned to Illustrious. Aftermath In their wake, the 21 Swordfish left Conte di Cavour sunk and the battleships Littorio and Caio Duilio heavily damaged. The latter had been intentionally grounded to prevent its sinking. They also badly damaged a heavy cruiser. British losses were two Swordfish flown by Williamson and Lieutenant Gerald W.L.A. Bayly.   While Williamson and his observer Lieutenant N.J. Scarlett were captured, Bayly and his observer, Lieutenant H.J. Slaughter were killed in action. In one night, the Royal Navy succeeded in halving the Italian battleship fleet and gained a tremendous advantage in the Mediterranean. As a result of the strike, the Italians withdrew the bulk of their fleet farther north to Naples. The Taranto Raid changed many naval experts thoughts regarding air-launched torpedo attacks. Prior to Taranto, many believed that deep water (100 ft.) was needed to successfully drop torpedoes. To compensate for the shallow water of Taranto harbor (40 ft.), the British specially modified their torpedoes and dropped them from very low altitude. This solution, as well as other aspects of the raid, was heavily studied by the Japanese as they planned their attack on Pearl Harbor the following year.

Comparison of A Dolls House and Antigone - 1248 Words

â€Å"The Empowered Woman, she moves through the world with a sense of confidence and grace. Her once reckless spirit now tempered by wisdom. Quietly, yet firmly, she speaks her truth without doubt or hesitation and the life she leads is of her own creation.† --Excerpt from ‘The Empowered Woman’ by Sonny Carroll In my mind, Sonny Carroll’s poem perfectly represents what an empowered woman should be; firm, determined and able to stand on her own feet. The characters of Nora and Antigone, from Henrik Ibsen’s ‘A Doll’s House’ and Sophocles’ ‘Antigone’ respectively, completely fit my description of ‘the empowered woman’. As inspiring figures, they left me wondering how they maintained their identities even in their†¦show more content†¦The concluding act of Nora walking out of her house perfectly symbolizes her awakening of the reinvented woman. As she does this, she tries to find her true self: an independent, bold and brave woman who is no longer affected by societal and personal pressure. While Nora plays a significant role in showing Ibsen’s concern for women, she is not the only female character. Mrs. Linde and the Nurse also show the characteristics of strong and sacrificial women. For instance, Mrs. Linde sacrifices her true love to marry a wealthy man she does not love, to obtain a financial aid for her mother and brothers. Likewise, the Nurse takes a bold step of forgoing her own child to look after Nora as a child and her children, without hesitation. These examples clearly demonstrate that women were not as subordinate to men as they appeared. They had their independent struggles going on inside, all the time. Moreover, Sophocles’ Antigone is defiant, aggressive and progressive compared to the typical Greek women of those times who were confined to the gynaikeion—an assigned place for women in a Greek house—and were considered extremely inferior to men in every aspect of their lives. Gender played an inevitable role during the 4th century, where men were ranked way above women and thus Creon, the egoistic and haughty tyrant, could not accept defeat from Antigone, a woman. I quote, â€Å"We must not yield to women. It would be better, if it had to be, to fallShow MoreRelatedComparison Of Antigone And The Dolls House1400 Words   |  6 PagesAnother theme that prevails in both the plays is power. It is exactly what the two characters Creon and Helmer in both the plays namely Antigone and the Dolls house had. Creons tyrannical power on a macro scale as a ruler with Helmers high handed treatment of his wife on a micro level as head of a family is to be discussed in this essay. Both men come across as misogynists. Their quickness to judge and judge harshly seems to be emphasized in both cases. Creon is shown with diverse relationsRead More Comparison Between the Characters of Antigone and A Doll’s House1456 Words   |  6 PagesA Comparison Between the Characters of Antigone and A Doll’s House   Ã‚  Ã‚   There have always been fundamental differences between the mentalities of the male and female sexes. At one time, women were considered as a possession of the father or husband. Women were denied participation in public life, they had restricted access to education, and they werent legally allowed to own property. This oppression of women did not prevent them from fighting for, and obtaining, equal rights.   It seems thatRead More A Comparison of Antigone and A Dolls House Essay688 Words   |  3 PagesSimilarities in  Antigone and A Dolls House    Ibsens A Dolls House has been called the first modern play. The play was considered revolutionary because it broke several molds which had endured for centuries. Incredibly, much of what was considered revolutionary first appeared in Sophocles play, Antigone - one of the first plays in existence.    In merely looking at the surface, one notices right away that both plays are significant in that they avoid the social temptation ofRead More A Comparison of Moral Conflict in Antigone and A Dolls House1479 Words   |  6 PagesConflict Between Individual Morals and State Laws in Antigone and A Dolls House  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mother, should I trust the government?   Or should I trust myself?   This dilemma is a common one in a great deal of literature.   In Antigone and A Doll’s House, the main theme is the question of whether one should be true to oneself or true to one’s state or society.   Should Nora (in A Doll’s House) and Antigone (in Antigone) â€Å"follow the rules† and do what the state and society want them to do orRead MoreEssay about Antingone and a Dolls House: a Mens Society1358 Words   |  6 Pagesthought of as scary, fictional, and even comedic for their time. Gender roles in society are virtually thematic in the two stories A Dolls House and Antigone. A Doll’s House, written by Henrik Ibsen is a story about the wife battling to hide a loan that kept her husband alive, because if anyone found out society would crash upon her for her bold actions. Antigone, written by Sophocles, is a play about a girl defying men to do what m an didn’t to please the gods and bring honor to her family. In almostRead MoreEssay on A Character Comparison: Nora Vs. Antigone1842 Words   |  8 PagesA Character Comparison: Nora Vs. Antigone In the novels A Dolls House and Antigone, Ibsen and Sophocles respectively create two lead female characters, Nora and Antigone, who confront societys expectations of women in fundamentally different ways. Nora goes against the grain of middle class society by first forging her fathers signature and then deceiving her husband, Torvald, throughout their marriage; Antigone, on the other hand, openly challenges and defies the rule of men, including herRead MoreA Character Comparison: Nora vs. Antigone Essay1922 Words   |  8 Pages 2005 World Literature Paper I A Character Comparison: Nora Vs. Antigone In the novels A Dolls House and Antigone, Ibsen and Sophocles respectively create two lead female characters, Nora and Antigone, who confront societys expectations of women in fundamentally different ways. Nora goes against the grain of middle class society by first forging her fathers signature and then deceiving her husband, Torvald, throughout their marriage; Antigone, on the other hand, openly challenges and defiesRead MoreWhat Makes a Hero1664 Words   |  7 Pagesheroic qualities however this mere discovery of a few characteristics does not warrant him the full title of a true hero. A young woman’s rational judgment is clouded by the emotional loss of her brothers and father in Sophocles’ play Antigone. Many would call Antigone a hero since she stood up against her uncle, the new king of Thebes, for something she believed in, a fair and proper burial for her brother. However, her actions are powered by emotion and her reason is clouded by anger and grief overRead MoreA Doll House by Henrik Ibsen7379 Words   |  30 PagesMa. Jennifer S. Yap Dr. Sherwin Perlas World Literature January 14, 2012 A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen Translated by Rolf Fjelde I. Introduction During the late nineteenth century, women were enslaved in their gender roles and certain restrictions were enforced on them by a male dominant culture. Every woman was raised believing that they had neither self-control nor self-government but that they must yield to the control of a stronger gender. John Stuart Mill wrote in his essay, â€Å"The SubjectionRead MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 Pageson the Floss The Awakening Moby-Dick Billy Budd Mrs. Dalloway Bleak House Native Son Bless Me,Ultima One Hundred Years of Solitude Catch-22 Othello Crime and Punishment The Scarlet Letter The Crucible Slaughterhouse-Five A Farewell to Arms Song of Solomon Ghosts The Stone Angel The Great Gatsby The Stranger Heart of Darkness A Tale of Two Cities The House of Mirth Their Eyes Were Watching God Jude the Obscure 2003 (Form A): According

Nutritional Value of Foxtail Millet

Question: Discuss about theNutritional Value of Foxtail Millet. Answer: Introduction: Foxtail millet is a leading plant that is grown in the arid and semi-arid areas that have the limited water supply. It is mostly grown in Asia and the sub-Saharan Africa. However, it has some nutritional value to the human body, which has an upper hand in the body defense. Its food contents are sufficient in the protection of diabetes type two diseases. (Ren, Chen, Molla, Wang, Shen, Diao, 2016). This paper assesses the digestibility properties and in-vitro starch responses for foxtail millet and its products. The conclusion of the study is that starch digestion of the flour products of foxtail millet and other products in the protein digestion is high. Therefore, products of foxtail millet have a different nutritional value which varies in the following categories that will be discussed in the findings of the research paper. The paper details the research findings of the nutritional value of millet products plus the laboratory experimental results are presented in a broad manner. T he paper further seeks to present the conclusions of the research, the limitations, and drawbacks of the methodologies used and the relation of the study to other relevant fields. In Vitro properties of Carbohydrate Digestion Millet products have a paramount function in the human body. This type of plant is classified to have a high percentage of starch, sugar, and the lipids. During digestion process, various properties of the starch vary due to the different tests in the laboratory. There are numerous examples in the research study, which show variable results from the practical point of view. The study samples were randomly placed in different measuring parameters. The experiment shows that at different room temperature, the property of starch in solution form dissolves at different rates and this is activated by the enzyme reaction. The millet grown in the arid and semi- dry conditions have withstanding atmospheric conditions. The primary source of the nutritional value of food to not change in the high temperatures such that its enzyme reactions are not altered when the temperatures is high. Another unique property of carbohydrate digestion as discovered in the research was the compatibility of the e nzyme reaction in the blood glycogen (Taylor Duodu, 2015). In Vivo Glycemic digestion Response The digestion of the starch content in foxtail millet was determined in various health subjects. For each question assumed different standards of glucose solution whereby blood samples were done by applying the intravenous catheter in the research study. The sample study was a collection of blood samples, which was then divided into various tubes and placed under different reaction conditions. The results show that foxtail millet reacts slowly at a high temperature compared to low temperature. Blood laboratory tests in various glucose test also had a variety of results in the starch digestion responses. Blood with a lot of starch individuals is prone to diabetes type two, which limits the concentration of insulin in the blood stream. In this test, when examining the boiling percentage of water content which was cooked about 40 minutes and then cooled at a slow rate to an approximately zero degrees celsius using a product of potassium hydroxide, the results extracted was clearly indic ating a low percentage of insulin. Findings The results of the research clearly show that lipids, starch, and proteins are the primary sources of serial plantations. In the human body diet, their force combination plays a very vital function in the digestion of carbohydrates. In the digestive system, this influences the response of plant glucose (Taylor, Emmam, Beux Kruger, 2015).When different fractions of starch are determined in the millet flour with the wheat flour; it plays a significant control in the reaction of the body. Similarly, the research observation records a slightly decreased level of amylase lipids in the reaction due to the opposing force of enzymes. This is responsible in the accumulative amylose degree of polymerization, lipid chain, length, and complexion temperature. In addition, the significance of starch digestion influences hydrophobicity of fats in the body. In the same breath, starch, and proteins condense in the importance of enzymes. This is confirmed in the addition of the protease, which increa ses efficiency in digestion. Most of the findings in the research studied and RS record high percentage in raw millet flour compared to the content, which is in the defatted millet flour. The raw powder has high content because it has a natural taste, which had not been tampered with by the technological tests. However, in the defatted flour of millet the content of starch is very little as a fact due to the destruction of a vital complex chain of lipids, which activates the enzymes that accumulates other polymerization units. Finally, experimental finding of all tests gave a variation in results at different levels of laboratory temperature (Ren, 2016). The Limitations and Drawbacks in the Research Methods The research methods used in the study faces some shortcomings in the application. The research study was involved in GI which was taken as a golden stand in the classification of starch as the major primary food substance. The study, therefore, analyses the evaluations of the effects and modifications procedures of starch digestibility in the foxtail millet. In addition, the study concluded that one of the modest drawbacks was the peak concentration of the content of starch in the porridge, which gives a higher standards of glucose in the human body. When it comes to this period, the content of millet in the oatmeal flour, which was seen in the experiment, took a long time to dissolve which took 30 minutes and 45 minutes respectively. However, blood sugar concentration, which was obtained in the cooked millet, was lower than the standard solutions of glucose. The results gave us around 73.4% compared to uncooked millet flour, which has 65.2% concentration content of the starch (Ren, 2016). Moreover, another challenge in the research study was analyzed in determining pure millet produce at different levels of seasons. In the laboratory, when parameters show the results of foxtail millet produce at a peak season indicates a wide variation of that millet that was obtained in a low season. However, there is more range of concrete work, which the researcher should carry out in the determination of in vitro results of the digestibility of starch. The people of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa should take an affirmative resolution to avoid the development of type2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. This affects the nutritional value content of food in blood insulin, which slows down the enzymes reaction.in the same breath, environmental factors acted as a barrier in the obtaining of precise results from the laboratory test of the research study. This is due to the natural forces of changes in weather conditions that were beyond field study control. Another drawback was seen during laboratory tests in the insulin reactions since a high temperature alters a reasonable rate of results. In the same breath, many environmental factors limit the accuracy of the expected results such as uncontrolled rising and falling off the enzymatic reactions, which exhibited the typical reactions. However, the type two diabetes, which was majorly, c aused by the insufficiency insulin and glycogen percentages in the body (Taylor, Emmambux Kruger, 2015). Conclusions The research study analyses the growth conditions of foxtail millet in arid and semi-arid areas of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The digestibility of starch and in vitro response of glycemic reaction in the experimental data shows there is slow digestion at low temperature. Additionally, when millet products are taken in proper proportions, as seen according to the study, a researcher can be able to immune and save the life of a diabetes type two infected people. Several potential epidemiological researchers also reveal that food full of starch content have a high nutritional value in the sustainability of homeostasis in the blood. The research study indicates that the population living in the Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa has a limited chance of getting diabetes two type since the nutrimental value of the millet flour is very high. However, the study was prone to various difficulties such as the environmental changes which limit the way different laboratory reactions were taking place (Taylor, Emmambux Kruger, 2015). Reference Ren, X., Chen, J., Molla, M. M., Wang, C., Shen, Q., Diao, X. (January 01, 2016). In vitro starch digestibility and in vivo glycemic response of foxtail millet and its products. Food and Function, 7, 1, 372-379. Taylor, J. R. N., Emmambux, M. N., Kruger, J. (January 01, 2015). Developments in modulating glycaemic response in starchy cereal foods. Starch - Starke, 67, 79-89. Taylor, J. R. N., Duodu, K. G. (January 30, 2015). Effects of processing sorghum and millets on their phenolic phytochemicals and the implications of this to the health-enhancing properties of sorghum and millet food and beverage products. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 95, 2, 225-237.

The Effects of Globalisation on Labour Markets, Productivity and Inflation Essay Example

The Effects of Globalisation on Labour Markets, Productivity and Inflation Essay The Effects of Globalisation on Labour Markets, Productivity and Inflation Nigel Pain, Isabell Koske OECD Meeting of Heads of National Economic Research Organisations at OECD Headquarters June 15 2007, Paris. Over the past decades international economic integration has proceeded rapidly. Trade in Goods and Services Exports plus imports to GDP (current US$) Foreign Direct Investment Assets plus liabilities to GDP (current US$) 300% 250% 200% 150% 100% 50% World OECD 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% OECD World Non-OECD Non-OECD 0% 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 0% 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Globalisation has been proceeding for many years. The pace of economic integration has been particularly marked since the mid1990s – suggesting structural changes in the impact may have occurred. 2 2 New developments that may have affected the impact of globalisation on OECD economies The marked increase in the extent and pace of integration since the mid-1990s The integration of China and India into the global economy – significantly boosting global labour supply Development of international production networks: the fragmentation of production across borders via international outsourcing and offshoring; international trade in tasks Foreign competition spreading into previously sheltered sectors and occupations via ICT-enabled offshoring and market entry. Financial globalisation Such developments, common to all OECD economies, have prompted a re-assessment of the impact of globalisation. Globalisation now affects particular tasks and occupations as 3 3 well as firms/sectors. The Globalisation and Structural Adjustment Project 2005-07 This had three main components: The macroeconomic effects of globalisation labour markets, inflation, policy challenges from the future evolution of globalisation. The sectoral impact of trade on labour markets The effects of the outsourcing of business services The project examined the policy challenges from: The spread of global trade production networks and IT-enabled global sourcing. The impact of non-OECD economies on commodity markets and competition pressures in the OECD. Financial globalisation. A final report was provided to Ministers in May 2007 4 4 We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Globalisation on Labour Markets, Productivity and Inflation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Globalisation on Labour Markets, Productivity and Inflation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Globalisation on Labour Markets, Productivity and Inflation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The current phase of globalisation has coincided with structural reforms in OECD labour markets The impact of globalisation is occurring against a background of widespread reforms to labour market institutions (see the Restated OECD Jobs Strategy) – for example: Reductions in product market and labour market regulations Activation of the unemployed Increased responsiveness of wage setting to supply/demand pressures Reductions in tax wedges All these affect wage and employment outcomes. Other things being equal, they should have acted to reduce structural unemployment. Attempts to quantify the impact of globalisation have to allow for other (potentially endogenous) sources of structural change. 5 5 The labour share of GDP has fallen, but real wages have grown robustly in most OECD countries. Labour Income Shares 0. 7 0. 65 0. 6 0. 55 0. 5 0. 45 0. 4 1980 1 2 OECD economies (weighted average) Real Compensation per Employee 150 140 OECD1 USA JPN FRA 110 100 DEU 1980 1 Income share of labour 1 130 120 Income share of employees2 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Dependent employees and self-employed. Dependent employees (private and government sectors). Weighted average; country coverage varies according to data availability. The decline in the labour share began before the mid-1990s. In accounting terms, the labour share decline is due to labour productivity rising faster than real wages. 6 6 Real wage growth over the past decade is not correlated with trade openness. 5% 4% GRC POL ISL CZE NOR TUR PRT SWE GBR USA FIN DNK NZL KOR AUS CAN FRA CHE AUT JPN ESP DEU ITA MEX SVK HUN IRL BEL NLD Real wage growth1 3% 2% 1% 0% -1% -2% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% Trade openness2 1Annual averages, 1995 to most recent observation. 2Exports plus imports to GDP, average 1995 – 2006. 7 Real wage growth was somewhat stronger in countries where openness rose the fastest. 5% 4% GRC NOR PRT SWE ISL POL CZE HUN Real wage growth1 3% TUR IRL SVK GBR 2% USA NZL DNK FIN KOR FRA AUS CAN BEL 1% AUT CHE NLD JPN DEU 0% ITA ESP -1% -2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% MEX LUX 12% Change in trade openness2 averages, 1995 to most recent observation. 2Percenta ge point change in the ratio of exports plus imports to GDP, average 1995 – 2006. 1Annual 8 8 Despite real wage growth, earnings inequality has risen, especially in the top half of the distribution. Earnings inequality in OECD countries P90, P50, and P10 denote the 90th, 50th, and 10th percentiles of the distribution of earnings for full-time employees. Source: OECD Employment Outlook (2007), forthcoming. Wages of more skilled workers have risen relative to those of less skilled workers, though not in all countries. This is one source of political concerns about globalisation. 9 9 Possible labour market impacts of trade and international production networks Lower-skilled tasks can be moved to lower (unit) cost locations potential productivity gains for domestic industries rising trade will coincide with rising skill-related premia Substitution of employment between home and host locations is more likely for cost-saving investments and the larger the host relative to the home country. Possible implications include: Domestic labour demand is more sensitive to domestic wages Employment adjusts more rapidly to changes in desired labour demand (via output, real labour costs, technical change etc. ) Firms have an exit option which, even if not exercised, raises the relative bargaining power of employers. Impact on wage bargains will depend on the preferences of those involved the level at which bargaining takes place. 10 10 Foreign affiliate employment rose relative to domestic employment between 1992-2003 in all sectors in the G3 Ratio of U. S. Foreign Affiliate Employment to Employment in the U. S. (%) Business Services Financial Services Telecoms Transportation Trade Transport Equipment Electrical Optical Machinery Metals Chemicals Pulp Paper Textiles Food, Beverages Tobacco 0. 0 10. 0 20. 0 30. 0 40. 0 50. 0 60. 0 70. 0 2003 1992 There are marked differences across sectors. The data for Japan and Germany show a similar pattern to the US. 11 11 Empirical evidence from the GSA project (and IMF work) suggests globalisation is affecting the labour market. No evidence of aggregate impact on employment levels or growth. Globalisation is one factor contributing to the decline in the labour income share and the rising returns for skilled workers. But it only accounts for a small part of these trends. Technological change and changes in labour market institutions are more important. Evidence for some industries, especially in manufacturing, that globalisation raises the wage elasticity of labour demand: Outward FDI raises the long-run wage elasticity of labour demand (0. 8%1. 0%) Trade raises the short-run wage elasticity of labour demand (0. 2% in mid1980s 0. % early 2000s) For the US, employment growth in US-owned foreign affiliates has positive correlation with employment at home; for Japan, the correlation is negative (controlling for sales and costs). 12 12 Globalisation also has positive effects on productivity levels and growth in OECD economies. Greater specialisation in areas of comparative advantage. Better access to foreign kno wledge (inward and outward FDI). Using intermediate inputs produced offshore may boost home productivity growth (Grossman and Rossi-Hansberg, 2006) Benefits of enhanced competitive pressure in product markets. The OECD Growth Project found that a 10% pt increase in trade openness was associated with a 4% rise in income per capita. Work for GSA (for 9 global regions) found that enhanced openness raises the rate of convergence of GDP per capita to US levels. Labour market work for GSA found evidence that outward FDI and the international outsourcing of intermediate inputs can raise productivity in home economies. 13 Summary of labour market impacts of globalisation (from trade and FDI – migration will add to these) Globalisation is associated with rising living standards The benefits are not shared automatically by all workers Globalisation is one factor generating structural change The ongoing globalisation process is one factor helping to dampen wage inflation and reduce the labour income share. These may be one-time changes, albeit prolonged. The higher wage elasticity of labour demand raises potential gains in employment from labour-market reforms, but also raises the potential volatility of workers labour market outcomes. Labour market developments are becoming more closely linked with those in other countries. One channel for global factors to influence domestic cost growth. Increasingly important to put policies in place to help labour market adjustment in OECD economies. 14 There are reasons to believe that the labour market challenges could increase further. Vertical multinationals production fragmentation become more likely as trade and communication costs fall and as location becomes possible in countries with different factor endowments. China India have significant reserves of underemployed labour. OECD estimates suggest that up to 20% of occupations in the major economies are potentially offshorable (high ICT content). 15 Globalisation has coincided with changes in the short-run association between labour market pressures wage growth. 15 ? Total Compensation per Employee (in %) 15 10 5 ? Total Compensation per Employee (in %) 10 1975-1984 1985-1994 1995-2006 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 -1 -0. 5 -5 0 0. 5 1 Unemployment Gap (in %) 1. 5 2 0 -2 -1 United States 15 ? Total Compensation per Employee (in %) 10 30 Japan ?Total Compensation 25 per Employee (in %) 20 15 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 -2 -1 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 Unemployment Gap (in %) 4 5 6 0 -1 -0. 5 Euro Area United Kingdom 16 The lines are fitted regression lines through the actual quarterly data for the period. Globalisation has coincided with changes in the short-run association between labour market pressures unit cost growth. 15 ? ULC (in %) 15 10 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 -1 -0. 5 -5 30 25 20 15 ?ULC (in %) 10 1975-1984 1985-1994 1995-2006 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 0 -2 -1 United States 15 ? ULC (in %) Japan ?ULC (in %) 10 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 3. 5 -2 -1 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 0 -1 -0. 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 5 6 7 Euro Area United Kingdom 17 The lines are fitted regression lines through the actual quarterly data for the period. Globalisation has coincided with changes in the short-run association between labour market pressures inflation. 15 ? PCP (in %) 15 10 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 -1 -0. 5 -5 0 0. 5 1 Unemployment Gap (in %) 1. 5 2 ? PCP (in %) 10 1975-1984 1985-1994 1995-2006 5 0 -2 -1 United States 15 ? PCP (in %) 30 25 20 15 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 -2 -1 10 5 0 Japan ?PCP (in %) 10 0 -1 -0. 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Euro Area United Kingdom 18 The lines are fitted regression lines through the actual quarterly data for the period. Globalisation has coincided with changes in the relationship between labour market pressures inflation. The short-run Phillips curve has become more horizontal over time, both for labour costs and for price inflation. Also apparent using the change rather than the level of inflation. Movements in the unemployment (and output) gap have smaller effects on inflation than before. This can reflect many factors – globalisation, other structural labour market changes, better anchored inflation expectations and changes in monetary policy frameworks. The flattening of the Phillips curve began before globalisation accelerated in the mid-1990s: Better anchored inflation expectations may be more important. The role of globalisation is an empirical matter. Competition could even make prices more responsive to activity. 19 The impact of globalisation on price inflation is examined in Pain, Koske and Sollie (2006). The analysis has three steps: Calculation of the direct impact of rising lower-cost imports from emerging economies on inflation rates in selected OECD economies using a simple accounting framework. Analysis of the impact of global economic conditions on oil and non-oil commodity prices. Empirical analysis of the wider impact of globalisation on consumer prices in 21 OECD economies, over 1980-2005 Test whether inflation dynamics changed in the mid-1990s. Quantification of the impact of globalisation on prices and inflation through a scenario analysis that distinguishes the impact of non-commodity and commodity import prices. 20 [1] Main findings of the accounting analysis: The combined impact effect of lower-cost imports from China and other dynamic Asian economies has reduced domestic inflation by 0. percentage points per annum in the United States (from 1996 to 2005); by 0. 3 percentage points per annum in the euro area (from 2000 to 2005). Calculations from a number of studies (Federal Reserve, ECB) suggest that imports from lower cost producers have pushed down non-commodity import price inflation by between 1 and 2 percentage points per annum over the last decade. 21 [2] Gl obalisation and commodity prices: empirical results. Strong GDP growth in the non-OECD economies since 2000 has been an important factor behind the recent growth of real oil prices and real metals prices. A scenario analysis of setting the growth rate of non-OECD economies equal to the (lower) growth rate of the OECD economies from 2000 onwards reveals that oil prices would have been 20-40% lower than the baseline in the fourth quarter of 2005; real metals prices would have been 10% lower than the baseline. This removes some, but not all of the strong growth in oil and metals prices over recent years. 22 [3] The price equation estimated jointly (SUR) for 21 OECD countries using quarterly data for 1980-2005 is: ? ln P = ? + i,t 0i ? ? SH M SH ? ln P ? M ? [1 ? M ln P ] ln C ? ? 1i ? i,t ? 1 1i i, t ? 1 i, t ? 1 1i i,t ? 1 i,t ? 1 ? ? 4 4 4 M + ? ? ? ln P C + ? GAP + ? ? ji ? ln Pi,t ? j + ? ? ji ? ln Pi,t ? j +? ji i,t ? j 3i i,t ? 1 it j =1 j=0 j =0 P, PM and C denote consumer prices (CED), import prices of goods plus services and domestic unit labour costs MSH denotes the import share of domestic demand (rolling regressions without this term showed a rise in ? 1 over time) GAP is th e domestic output gap Cross-equation parameter restrictions imposed if data permits ? 1 found to be significantly larger from 1995Q1 onwards 23 3] The impact of globalisation on price inflation The long-run influence of import prices on domestic consumer prices has risen since the mid-1990s. This reflects two factors: a rise in import penetration in OECD economies; the impact of import competition on competitors’ prices. The impact of import prices on domestic consumer prices is larger in small open economies. The cyclical sensitivity of inflation to domestic economic conditions declined between 1981-1994 and 1995-2005. No robust significant additional impact from the global output gap. Global conditions are already reflected in import prices). The separate commodity and consumer price findings are combined in a set of scenario analyses. These show that ex-ante inflationary pressures in most OECD economies would have been moderately higher in the absence of globalisation 24 Impact on consumer price inflation from removing globalisation effects 2000-05. Average percentage point difference per annum Commodity . Non-commodity Component . component . Japan Canada OECD United States United Kingdom Germany France Euro Area Italy Net effect -0. 4 -0. 2 0. 0 0. 2 0. -0. 2 0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 Lower bound of commodity import price effect (20% oil, 10% metals) Upper bound of commodity import price effect (40% oil, 10% metals) Lower bound of non-commodity import price effect (1%) Upper bound of non-commodi ty import price effect (2%) Lower bound of net effect Upper bound of net effect Range of possible impact These estimates are for given labour costs. To the extent that globalisation also affected labour cost growth, the net implicit disinflationary impact of globalisation may be even higher. 25 Concluding comments and issues for discussion [1] Globalisation is clearly affecting labour market outcomes in the OECD, and also domestic price inflation. Can the various impacts can be expected to persist for some time? The existing impact appears modest – will it rise in the future? Estimating underlying inflationary pressures is more complicated: Globalisation affects commodity and non-commodity prices The flatter Phillips curve raises the difficulties of identifying where the economy is relative to potential. Does this have implications for the conduct of monetary policy? 26 Concluding comments and issues for discussion [2] Globalisation raises the need for labour market flexibility (job reallocation) but also raises fears about job insecurity and widening earnings inequality. What are the appropriate policies to deal with these concerns? Enhancing potential job creation and labour market adjustment: greater product market competition reduced employment protection legislation Education/training policies to equip workers with general skills Direct adjustment assistance to displaced workers: Transitional income support (and health coverage) Full occupational pension portability Active labour market programmes for updating skills and improving job search. 27 The Effects of Globalisation on Labour Markets, Productivity and Inflation Essay Example The Effects of Globalisation on Labour Markets, Productivity and Inflation Essay The Effects of Globalisation on Labour Markets, Productivity and Inflation Nigel Pain, Isabell Koske OECD Meeting of Heads of National Economic Research Organisations at OECD Headquarters June 15 2007, Paris. Over the past decades international economic integration has proceeded rapidly. Trade in Goods and Services Exports plus imports to GDP (current US$) Foreign Direct Investment Assets plus liabilities to GDP (current US$) 300% 250% 200% 150% 100% 50% World OECD 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% OECD World Non-OECD Non-OECD 0% 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 0% 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Globalisation has been proceeding for many years. The pace of economic integration has been particularly marked since the mid1990s – suggesting structural changes in the impact may have occurred. 2 2 New developments that may have affected the impact of globalisation on OECD economies The marked increase in the extent and pace of integration since the mid-1990s The integration of China and India into the global economy – significantly boosting global labour supply Development of international production networks: the fragmentation of production across borders via international outsourcing and offshoring; international trade in tasks Foreign competition spreading into previously sheltered sectors and occupations via ICT-enabled offshoring and market entry. Financial globalisation Such developments, common to all OECD economies, have prompted a re-assessment of the impact of globalisation. Globalisation now affects particular tasks and occupations as 3 3 well as firms/sectors. The Globalisation and Structural Adjustment Project 2005-07 This had three main components: The macroeconomic effects of globalisation labour markets, inflation, policy challenges from the future evolution of globalisation. The sectoral impact of trade on labour markets The effects of the outsourcing of business services The project examined the policy challenges from: The spread of global trade production networks and IT-enabled global sourcing. The impact of non-OECD economies on commodity markets and competition pressures in the OECD. Financial globalisation. A final report was provided to Ministers in May 2007 4 4 We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Globalisation on Labour Markets, Productivity and Inflation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Globalisation on Labour Markets, Productivity and Inflation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Globalisation on Labour Markets, Productivity and Inflation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The current phase of globalisation has coincided with structural reforms in OECD labour markets The impact of globalisation is occurring against a background of widespread reforms to labour market institutions (see the Restated OECD Jobs Strategy) – for example: Reductions in product market and labour market regulations Activation of the unemployed Increased responsiveness of wage setting to supply/demand pressures Reductions in tax wedges All these affect wage and employment outcomes. Other things being equal, they should have acted to reduce structural unemployment. Attempts to quantify the impact of globalisation have to allow for other (potentially endogenous) sources of structural change. 5 5 The labour share of GDP has fallen, but real wages have grown robustly in most OECD countries. Labour Income Shares 0. 7 0. 65 0. 6 0. 55 0. 5 0. 45 0. 4 1980 1 2 OECD economies (weighted average) Real Compensation per Employee 150 140 OECD1 USA JPN FRA 110 100 DEU 1980 1 Income share of labour 1 130 120 Income share of employees2 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Dependent employees and self-employed. Dependent employees (private and government sectors). Weighted average; country coverage varies according to data availability. The decline in the labour share began before the mid-1990s. In accounting terms, the labour share decline is due to labour productivity rising faster than real wages. 6 6 Real wage growth over the past decade is not correlated with trade openness. 5% 4% GRC POL ISL CZE NOR TUR PRT SWE GBR USA FIN DNK NZL KOR AUS CAN FRA CHE AUT JPN ESP DEU ITA MEX SVK HUN IRL BEL NLD Real wage growth1 3% 2% 1% 0% -1% -2% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% Trade openness2 1Annual averages, 1995 to most recent observation. 2Exports plus imports to GDP, average 1995 – 2006. 7 Real wage growth was somewhat stronger in countries where openness rose the fastest. 5% 4% GRC NOR PRT SWE ISL POL CZE HUN Real wage growth1 3% TUR IRL SVK GBR 2% USA NZL DNK FIN KOR FRA AUS CAN BEL 1% AUT CHE NLD JPN DEU 0% ITA ESP -1% -2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% MEX LUX 12% Change in trade openness2 averages, 1995 to most recent observation. 2Percenta ge point change in the ratio of exports plus imports to GDP, average 1995 – 2006. 1Annual 8 8 Despite real wage growth, earnings inequality has risen, especially in the top half of the distribution. Earnings inequality in OECD countries P90, P50, and P10 denote the 90th, 50th, and 10th percentiles of the distribution of earnings for full-time employees. Source: OECD Employment Outlook (2007), forthcoming. Wages of more skilled workers have risen relative to those of less skilled workers, though not in all countries. This is one source of political concerns about globalisation. 9 9 Possible labour market impacts of trade and international production networks Lower-skilled tasks can be moved to lower (unit) cost locations potential productivity gains for domestic industries rising trade will coincide with rising skill-related premia Substitution of employment between home and host locations is more likely for cost-saving investments and the larger the host relative to the home country. Possible implications include: Domestic labour demand is more sensitive to domestic wages Employment adjusts more rapidly to changes in desired labour demand (via output, real labour costs, technical change etc. ) Firms have an exit option which, even if not exercised, raises the relative bargaining power of employers. Impact on wage bargains will depend on the preferences of those involved the level at which bargaining takes place. 10 10 Foreign affiliate employment rose relative to domestic employment between 1992-2003 in all sectors in the G3 Ratio of U. S. Foreign Affiliate Employment to Employment in the U. S. (%) Business Services Financial Services Telecoms Transportation Trade Transport Equipment Electrical Optical Machinery Metals Chemicals Pulp Paper Textiles Food, Beverages Tobacco 0. 0 10. 0 20. 0 30. 0 40. 0 50. 0 60. 0 70. 0 2003 1992 There are marked differences across sectors. The data for Japan and Germany show a similar pattern to the US. 11 11 Empirical evidence from the GSA project (and IMF work) suggests globalisation is affecting the labour market. No evidence of aggregate impact on employment levels or growth. Globalisation is one factor contributing to the decline in the labour income share and the rising returns for skilled workers. But it only accounts for a small part of these trends. Technological change and changes in labour market institutions are more important. Evidence for some industries, especially in manufacturing, that globalisation raises the wage elasticity of labour demand: Outward FDI raises the long-run wage elasticity of labour demand (0. 8%1. 0%) Trade raises the short-run wage elasticity of labour demand (0. 2% in mid1980s 0. % early 2000s) For the US, employment growth in US-owned foreign affiliates has positive correlation with employment at home; for Japan, the correlation is negative (controlling for sales and costs). 12 12 Globalisation also has positive effects on productivity levels and growth in OECD economies. Greater specialisation in areas of comparative advantage. Better access to foreign kno wledge (inward and outward FDI). Using intermediate inputs produced offshore may boost home productivity growth (Grossman and Rossi-Hansberg, 2006) Benefits of enhanced competitive pressure in product markets. The OECD Growth Project found that a 10% pt increase in trade openness was associated with a 4% rise in income per capita. Work for GSA (for 9 global regions) found that enhanced openness raises the rate of convergence of GDP per capita to US levels. Labour market work for GSA found evidence that outward FDI and the international outsourcing of intermediate inputs can raise productivity in home economies. 13 Summary of labour market impacts of globalisation (from trade and FDI – migration will add to these) Globalisation is associated with rising living standards The benefits are not shared automatically by all workers Globalisation is one factor generating structural change The ongoing globalisation process is one factor helping to dampen wage inflation and reduce the labour income share. These may be one-time changes, albeit prolonged. The higher wage elasticity of labour demand raises potential gains in employment from labour-market reforms, but also raises the potential volatility of workers labour market outcomes. Labour market developments are becoming more closely linked with those in other countries. One channel for global factors to influence domestic cost growth. Increasingly important to put policies in place to help labour market adjustment in OECD economies. 14 There are reasons to believe that the labour market challenges could increase further. Vertical multinationals production fragmentation become more likely as trade and communication costs fall and as location becomes possible in countries with different factor endowments. China India have significant reserves of underemployed labour. OECD estimates suggest that up to 20% of occupations in the major economies are potentially offshorable (high ICT content). 15 Globalisation has coincided with changes in the short-run association between labour market pressures wage growth. 15 ? Total Compensation per Employee (in %) 15 10 5 ? Total Compensation per Employee (in %) 10 1975-1984 1985-1994 1995-2006 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 -1 -0. 5 -5 0 0. 5 1 Unemployment Gap (in %) 1. 5 2 0 -2 -1 United States 15 ? Total Compensation per Employee (in %) 10 30 Japan ?Total Compensation 25 per Employee (in %) 20 15 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 -2 -1 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 Unemployment Gap (in %) 4 5 6 0 -1 -0. 5 Euro Area United Kingdom 16 The lines are fitted regression lines through the actual quarterly data for the period. Globalisation has coincided with changes in the short-run association between labour market pressures unit cost growth. 15 ? ULC (in %) 15 10 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 -1 -0. 5 -5 30 25 20 15 ?ULC (in %) 10 1975-1984 1985-1994 1995-2006 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 0 -2 -1 United States 15 ? ULC (in %) Japan ?ULC (in %) 10 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 3. 5 -2 -1 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 0 -1 -0. 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 5 6 7 Euro Area United Kingdom 17 The lines are fitted regression lines through the actual quarterly data for the period. Globalisation has coincided with changes in the short-run association between labour market pressures inflation. 15 ? PCP (in %) 15 10 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 -1 -0. 5 -5 0 0. 5 1 Unemployment Gap (in %) 1. 5 2 ? PCP (in %) 10 1975-1984 1985-1994 1995-2006 5 0 -2 -1 United States 15 ? PCP (in %) 30 25 20 15 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 2. 5 3 -2 -1 10 5 0 Japan ?PCP (in %) 10 0 -1 -0. 5 Unemployment Gap (in %) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Euro Area United Kingdom 18 The lines are fitted regression lines through the actual quarterly data for the period. Globalisation has coincided with changes in the relationship between labour market pressures inflation. The short-run Phillips curve has become more horizontal over time, both for labour costs and for price inflation. Also apparent using the change rather than the level of inflation. Movements in the unemployment (and output) gap have smaller effects on inflation than before. This can reflect many factors – globalisation, other structural labour market changes, better anchored inflation expectations and changes in monetary policy frameworks. The flattening of the Phillips curve began before globalisation accelerated in the mid-1990s: Better anchored inflation expectations may be more important. The role of globalisation is an empirical matter. Competition could even make prices more responsive to activity. 19 The impact of globalisation on price inflation is examined in Pain, Koske and Sollie (2006). The analysis has three steps: Calculation of the direct impact of rising lower-cost imports from emerging economies on inflation rates in selected OECD economies using a simple accounting framework. Analysis of the impact of global economic conditions on oil and non-oil commodity prices. Empirical analysis of the wider impact of globalisation on consumer prices in 21 OECD economies, over 1980-2005 Test whether inflation dynamics changed in the mid-1990s. Quantification of the impact of globalisation on prices and inflation through a scenario analysis that distinguishes the impact of non-commodity and commodity import prices. 20 [1] Main findings of the accounting analysis: The combined impact effect of lower-cost imports from China and other dynamic Asian economies has reduced domestic inflation by 0. percentage points per annum in the United States (from 1996 to 2005); by 0. 3 percentage points per annum in the euro area (from 2000 to 2005). Calculations from a number of studies (Federal Reserve, ECB) suggest that imports from lower cost producers have pushed down non-commodity import price inflation by between 1 and 2 percentage points per annum over the last decade. 21 [2] Gl obalisation and commodity prices: empirical results. Strong GDP growth in the non-OECD economies since 2000 has been an important factor behind the recent growth of real oil prices and real metals prices. A scenario analysis of setting the growth rate of non-OECD economies equal to the (lower) growth rate of the OECD economies from 2000 onwards reveals that oil prices would have been 20-40% lower than the baseline in the fourth quarter of 2005; real metals prices would have been 10% lower than the baseline. This removes some, but not all of the strong growth in oil and metals prices over recent years. 22 [3] The price equation estimated jointly (SUR) for 21 OECD countries using quarterly data for 1980-2005 is: ? ln P = ? + i,t 0i ? ? SH M SH ? ln P ? M ? [1 ? M ln P ] ln C ? ? 1i ? i,t ? 1 1i i, t ? 1 i, t ? 1 1i i,t ? 1 i,t ? 1 ? ? 4 4 4 M + ? ? ? ln P C + ? GAP + ? ? ji ? ln Pi,t ? j + ? ? ji ? ln Pi,t ? j +? ji i,t ? j 3i i,t ? 1 it j =1 j=0 j =0 P, PM and C denote consumer prices (CED), import prices of goods plus services and domestic unit labour costs MSH denotes the import share of domestic demand (rolling regressions without this term showed a rise in ? 1 over time) GAP is th e domestic output gap Cross-equation parameter restrictions imposed if data permits ? 1 found to be significantly larger from 1995Q1 onwards 23 3] The impact of globalisation on price inflation The long-run influence of import prices on domestic consumer prices has risen since the mid-1990s. This reflects two factors: a rise in import penetration in OECD economies; the impact of import competition on competitors’ prices. The impact of import prices on domestic consumer prices is larger in small open economies. The cyclical sensitivity of inflation to domestic economic conditions declined between 1981-1994 and 1995-2005. No robust significant additional impact from the global output gap. Global conditions are already reflected in import prices). The separate commodity and consumer price findings are combined in a set of scenario analyses. These show that ex-ante inflationary pressures in most OECD economies would have been moderately higher in the absence of globalisation 24 Impact on consumer price inflation from removing globalisation effects 2000-05. Average percentage point difference per annum Commodity . Non-commodity Component . component . Japan Canada OECD United States United Kingdom Germany France Euro Area Italy Net effect -0. 4 -0. 2 0. 0 0. 2 0. -0. 2 0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 Lower bound of commodity import price effect (20% oil, 10% metals) Upper bound of commodity import price effect (40% oil, 10% metals) Lower bound of non-commodity import price effect (1%) Upper bound of non-commodi ty import price effect (2%) Lower bound of net effect Upper bound of net effect Range of possible impact These estimates are for given labour costs. To the extent that globalisation also affected labour cost growth, the net implicit disinflationary impact of globalisation may be even higher. 25 Concluding comments and issues for discussion [1] Globalisation is clearly affecting labour market outcomes in the OECD, and also domestic price inflation. Can the various impacts can be expected to persist for some time? The existing impact appears modest – will it rise in the future? Estimating underlying inflationary pressures is more complicated: Globalisation affects commodity and non-commodity prices The flatter Phillips curve raises the difficulties of identifying where the economy is relative to potential. Does this have implications for the conduct of monetary policy? 26 Concluding comments and issues for discussion [2] Globalisation raises the need for labour market flexibility (job reallocation) but also raises fears about job insecurity and widening earnings inequality. What are the appropriate policies to deal with these concerns? Enhancing potential job creation and labour market adjustment: greater product market competition reduced employment protection legislation Education/training policies to equip workers with general skills Direct adjustment assistance to displaced workers: Transitional income support (and health coverage) Full occupational pension portability Active labour market programmes for updating skills and improving job search. 27